Oniomania: Psychology and Higher Income Levels Essay

Research into the Software Required to support a True Distributed Essay

Investigation into the Software Required to help a True Distributed Computer System - Essay Example also, Lau, F., 1999. Uncommon issue on programming support for dispersed registering. Diary of Parallel and Distributed Computing - Special issue on programming support for conveyed registering, 59(2), pp.101-06. 19 Introduction Ever-expanding rivalry and speedy advancements in data and correspondence frameworks, innovations, and a lot of expansion of ease workstations and PCs have offered a wide road for appropriated processing to form into a regular figuring structure and course of action. At present, dispersed registering is not, at this point constrained to writing and propelled examine research facilities; be that as it may, it is currently effectively in reach of an immense network of innovation makers and customers. Truth be told, the change of status would not have been conceivable if there were not extensive undertakings that innovation and correspondence analysts have offered for the improvement of fundamental supporting application, appropriated OS, remote technique calls, arrange record frameworks, OO (object situated) middleware and message passing interfaces (Ahmad and Lau, 1999). Likewise, the appearance of the WWW (World Wide Web) and rapid broadband Internet associations have also put fuel to such sort of innovation change. By and by, the Internet has ended up being one of the greatest conveyed frameworks. As of now, it is being used by most of individuals to determine extremely confused and testing issues, for example, â€Å"search† to find the greatest prime number, expected for space insight, and to break the RC5 square encoded figure, and so forth. In this situation, a great deal of enormous and overall dispersed frameworks are in progress to build up a colossal â€Å"Globe system.† This Global framework will offer an astounding help for settling worldwide issues (Ahmad and Lau, 1999). This paper talks about the product required to help a genuine dispersed PC framework. This examination will give an itemized outline of genuine circulated processing condition that is a need to create and utilize suitable co-working subsystems. Conveyed Computing Environment: An outline The appropriated condition is in some sense conquering the impediments of conventional figuring offering freedom from the Personal Computers (PCs) to the brilliant or dim time of the centralized server. Previously, PCs were single client machines with least stockpiling limits. Thus, the presence of time-sharing machines and working frameworks gave phenomenal chances to individuals all around the globe. Truth be told, it permitted them to utilize a similar equipment structure to help a few people working all the while or helping out one another. Moreover, with the appearance of wide region systems (WANs), this participation further reached out over the world and up till now basically needs a couple of essential issues of honesty control and the executives (Trireme, 2004; Nemeth and Sunderam, 2002). What's more, the appearance of the workstat ions took the individuals directly back to single client machi

A Self-Publishing Formula That Works

A Self-Publishing Formula That Works If you are an author who is currently self-publishing, or planning to self-publish, Self-Publishing Formula is a valuable resource. The site is packed with up-to-date information on writing, publishing and marketing your book. The site offers a regularly updated blog and a weekly podcast, along with courses, resources and a weekly email newsletter.SPF offers an excellent range of tools to help authors keep up with the complex and fast-moving world of self-publishing. The mastermind behind the site is Mark Dawson, an award-nominated USA Today Bestselling Author, who has published more than 20 books and sold over 2 million copies. SPF really is a one-stop resource for self-published authors, offering everything from a free starter package and video training, to a closed Facebook community where authors can network and get answers to their questions.Navigating the siteThe site is user-friendly and easy to navigate, with clearly displayed links to the blog, the podcast and the online cou rses currently on offer. A handy start here page shows a brief introductory video, and invites new visitors to download their free resources. On that page, you will also find a direct link to the podcast, an invite to join the private Facebook Group, and directions on how to download the SPF app, should you wish to. The app lets you listen to the podcast, download the free books, and log into any courses you are taking, with just one click, from your phone or mobile device.The blogThe SPF blog aims to educate, inform and entertain, with regular news from the self-publishing industry, along with a lot of practical and actionable tips that cover writing, publishing, launching, and marketing your self-published books. Topics covered in recent posts include:How to build your author websiteBig name authors who are now self-publishingHow to work effectively with a critique partnerBranding yourself as an authorSteps to building a successful author careerHow to be more productiveHow to get found by readersHow to increase your writing speedWord counts and whether they really matterThe ten most valuable tools for an indie authorThe blog also publishes a Weekly Write-Up every Wednesday, where they collect together any news that may affect self-published authors. This can cover anything from changes in Amazons publishing terms, to new author services that companies are launching, to changes within the major social media networks that could affect authors.The SPF podcastThe podcast runs weekly and includes interviews with authors making their name in the self-publishing world. Authors Dawson has interviewed include Ian Sutherland and Laurie Wright, among many others. The topics covered by the podcast are wide-reaching, and as with any podcast, the conversation can go off topic, often revealing even more valuable snippets of information. Recent podcast episodes include:A Successful Author Mindset, with Adam CroftKeeping It Clean, with sweet romance author Anne-Marie MeyerWh y You Need To Be Publishing Audiobooks, with Tina DietzHow To Start That Awesome Author Website, with John DyerHow To Self-Publish and Market a Childrens Book, with Laurie WrightThe Power of Focus, with Kam KnightNovel Adaptation: Turning Books Into Screenplays, with Paul FitzsimonsFacebook Changes What They Mean For Authors, with Mark DawsonFive Types of Bad Review What To Do About Them, with Molly McCordGetting Twitter To Fly For Authors, with Ian SutherlandTurning Personal Stories Into Marketable Books, with Owen ZuppGreat Website Design for Authors, with Dave StansbieAs you can see, there is a huge variety within the topics offered and the authors invited on to the podcast. All podcasts are available to listen to for free via a variety of apps, or you can listen direct via the website. You can also, of course, download the SPF app and listen on any device.Book marketingAny self-published author knows that writing and publishing a book is only half the battle. SPF places a stro ng emphasis on marketing your book, looking at every stage in the process, from pre-publication tasks (such as cover design, blurb writing and building an email list) through to planning a launch, and running advertising campaigns to boost ongoing sales.Resources that are particularly useful to help you market your books include these podcast episodes:Systemised Book Marketing, with Gabriel MercerHow To Boost Your Book Marketing With Pinterest, with Pip ReidTop Book Launch Tips, with Tim GrahlThe first two of the free books listed below are also valuable resources if you are planning paid advertising campaigns for your books.Free resourcesIf you click on the resources link in the website header, you will be taken straight to a page where you can opt to receive seven eBooks for authors, completely free. The books on offer are:Mastering Simple Facebook AdsLearn Amazon AdsWriting a Page TurnerHow To Work With An EditorWriters Yellow PagesTen Tips For Topping the Romance ChartsThe Vault Once again, the topics covered are varied, with something that will be of interest to most indie authors. The last eBook on the list, The Vault, is a compilation of the transcripts of fifty SPF podcast episodes, packed with tips and strategies for self-published authors. The eBook is searchable, so you can easily find the topics that most interest you.These books form part of the SPF starter package, which also includes a three-part video series on getting started with Facebook Ads, to compliment the book on the same topic. Along with these downloads, subscribers receive a useful weekly newsletter by email, and an invitation to join the private Facebook group.Courses for authorsSelf-Publishing Formula also provides three paid online courses for authors.Self-Publishing 101Advertising For AuthorsCover Design For AuthorsThese courses are open for registration at specific times throughout the year, but if the one you are interested in isnt currently running, you can join a waiting list to be notified when the course opens again.Self-Publishing 101 claims to teach you everything you need to know from the moment your type THE END on your manuscript. The course covers formatting your books for publication, making your books available on all major sales platforms, cover design, writing your blurb, creating your website and building your mailing list, getting reader reviews and creating a launch plan for your book.Advertising for Authors markets itself as the premier social media advertising course specifically crafted for writers. This course is aimed at people who already have a basic knowledge of social media advertising and is suitable for authors at the intermediate to advanced level, writing both fiction and nonfiction. Some topics in the course include how to create and target your Facebook Ads correctly, how to monitor your ads, optimising your Amazon product page, and optimising your Amazon ads campaign. There are bonus modules on using specific platforms, nam ely Twitter, YouTube, and Bookbub, and a further module on copywriting for success.In the Cover Design for Authors course, authors learn to craft cover designs that attract attention, boost visibility and increase sales. The course covers effective design, understanding genre, and familiarity theory (or why its better to fit in with what readers expect of your genre rather than stand out), as well as practical Photoshop skills to enable you to produce a professional-looking cover that sells your book. The course also gives you access to a private, students-only Facebook group so you can share tips and ideas, and get feedback.On the courses page, you can also access the free List Building for Authors mini-course, described as a three-part Masterclass to show you how to use simple, cost-effective Facebook ads to find prospective readers and get them on to your mailing list.The author behind the siteMost indie authors know that to become successful, you have to be able to wear the hat of a marketer as well as a writer. Mark Dawson, the brains behind the SPF website, has certainly embraced that idea. Dawson had his first two books traditionally published, and while they were initially well-received, without marketing momentum behind them, they quickly sank without a trace as Dawson puts it. The author decided to learn about publishing, marketing, advertising and self-promotion to ensure future books didnt suffer the same fate.He went on to publish over 20 books, both fiction and nonfiction, and now enjoys a high six-figure income and an amazingly flexible lifestyle. Based in Salisbury, England, Dawson is now a USA Today bestselling author, who has been featured everywhere from Forbes to The Financial Times and interviewed on national radio.Mark Dawsons commitment to helping other authors succeed is reflected in the lengths he has gone to make the SPF website a resource library for new and established self-published authors. It is a website well worth bookmarking, for any writer thinking about self-publishing or struggling to make a success of marketing their current books.

Mental Health and the Homeless Community Essay - 1103 Words

Introduction The Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] used the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ definition of mental illness as â€Å"health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior (or some combination thereof) associated with distress and/or impaired functioning† (2011). Our community is exposed to a large number of individuals with mental illness. Among those individuals are the widespread homeless populations. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development reported â€Å"twenty-five percent of the sheltered homeless report a severe mental illness (as cited in Allender, Rector and Warner 2014 p. 907).† This author found the target population to be predominantly†¦show more content†¦199-200). The concept of aiding the recipient who is unable to follow the proper directions of a prescribed medication is a contributing factor to the successful treatment of mental illness. This is especially true with the homeless population. Most homeless people lack insurance and healthcare services, which necessitate the use of the emergency room as their primary venue of medical assistance. When people do not have the access that they need to meet the medical demands for their illness, then that illness will remain stagnant. Because most homeless people do not have health insurance, this limits their access to the necessary doctors, or hospitals in which they can receive the proper care. Due to this flourishing issue, many communities have instituted services that operate specifically to help the homeless population with mental illness. Individual While the environmental factors place a significant role on identifying the variables that impact a community, the individual factors are what define the problem more closely. This author has discovered that the individual factors that influence the mental health of the homeless are grouped in the single, non- hispanic, Caucasian, males that are thirty one years and older category. In addition, substance abuse is a factor that greatly affects a person’s mental illness. Harris and Edlund’s research show that â€Å"the prevalence of a serious mental illness was more than three times asShow MoreRelatedThe City Of Overtown Florida Is Located Northwest Of Downtown1302 Words   |  6 Pageshistory with the black community in Miami. It served as a â€Å"colored town† during the Jim Crow era and developed into a central location for the development of the black community to this day. Overtown with its rich history has many building on the National historic registry. Overtown is one of Miami’s original neighborhoods, where African Americans settled in the early 20th Century and built churches, restaurants, residences, nightclubs and theaters (City of Miami, 2016). The community has seen a declineRead MoreHomelessness : A Community Health Issue967 Words   |  4 Pages One major community health issue that is prominent in society is homelessness. According to Canadian Observatory on Homelessness (2012), homelessness describes the situation of an individual or family who are unstable and cannot afford appropriate and permanent housing. They are unable to acquire suitable shelter due to possible reasons, such as financial issues, mental or physical challenges and discrimination. Most people do not choose to be homeless; however, when individuals are set to liveRead MoreTaking a Look at Homelessness893 Words   |  4 PagesBritish Columbia, Canada. This community, around King George SkyTrain station, is a densely populated area. In this com munity, there are a large number of homeless individuals. In homeless population, mental illness commonly present in the forms of schizophrenia, depression, personality disorders, substance abuse, and other affective disorders. According to Metro Vancouver Homeless Count, there are â€Å"400 homeless people in Surrey, representing 15% of the regions 2650 homeless† (City of Surrey, n.d, â€Å"2014†)Read MoreCurrent Level Of Care At Watts Labor Community Action Committee1111 Words   |  5 Pagesat Watts Labor Community Action Committee (WLCAC): Watts Labor Community Action Committee (WLCAC) provides services to 3,600 unduplicated homeless clients each year, working to move clients from having no secure residence to residing in a stable facility. The Homeless Access Center and Shelter Plus Care programs under WLCAC assist homeless individuals and their families by providing supportive and educational services, case management, family counseling, drug counseling, mental health services, andRead MoreAnxiety And Depression : A Public Health Issue949 Words   |  4 Pagesa public health issue that impacts a large population in the United States with different level of severities. Anxiety is a feeling of stress or abnormal emotion that can cause several types of anxiety disorders. According to the statistics of Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), anxiety is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States, which affect nearing 18 percent of the U.S.’s total population. This mental illness can affect one person’s general mental abilityRead MoreEpidemiology of Homeless1613 Words   |  7 PagesEpidemiology of Homeless/Indigent People with Mental Illness Vulnerable populations are defined in many ways. Variables of the definition are dependent on the author, their current location and how they believe that they may assist this population. Vulnerability as defined in a healthcare setting are those with a greater than average risk of developing health problems by virtue of their marginalized sociocultural status, their limited access to economic resources, or personal characteristics suchRead MoreTreatment Plan for Homeless Veterans677 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Homeless veterans Homeless veterans seem to be a defenseless population by definition, as they are a subgroup in the population that is likely to have health problems or worse health challenges because of exposure to risks unlike the rest of the population. Many research undertaken to differentiate health problems linked to homeless veterans. They are vulnerable to co-morbidity of abuse of substances, mental, physical health infections and disorders than the common homeless population. TheirRead MoreHomelessness Is An Epidemic That Plagues Many People Across The United States1142 Words   |  5 Pagesfor young people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, living homeless can become especially difficult. Young people of the LGBT community are being put out of their homes, rejected by their families, and shunned by their communities in which they live because of their sexual orientation, something that they themselves have no choice over. This is because of prejudices that are put out by the community as a whole. It is difficult enough growing up as part of a minority group suchRead MoreHomelessness : The Problem Of Homelessness793 Words   |  4 Pagesepidemic of homelessness in the United States has reached an all-time high since the 1990’s. Unfortunately, the adage of people chose to be homeless was not accounting for families that live paycheck to paycheck and lose their job and therefore their housing because it is unavoidable. Alternatively, many individuals that are homeless have some type of mental illness or substance abuse problem thus creating a barrier to maintaining housing. Many of these individuals are incapable to preserve stableRead MoreThe Homeless Population Of The United States1393 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The homeless populations are among the most vulnerable populations in the United States. In today’s society, the homeless population consists of every age group, sex, religion, family type, and ethnic group. Families, children, and adults who are homeless suffer many adverse effects from living in shelters and on the streets, and approximately twenty six percent of homeless individuals suffer from severe mental illness (Stanhope, 2014). This paper focuses on the homeless population of all

Anne Fadimans The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down...

The interviews in Anne Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down and Joshua Reno’s Waste Away both have their fair share of barriers to overcome, even though their research could not be more different. Anne Fadiman conducts interviews in two drastically different topics, Hmong culture and medicine. Joshua Reno favors a landfill in Michigan; interviewing residents living next to Four Corners Landfill. However different these two areas of research may be, both books show that interviewing individuals is a research method incredibly valuable when working to determine a person or group’s feelings and ideas. Both anthropologists use interviewing as a method to gain information, but are careful to align with the culture of each of the†¦show more content†¦Without an interpreter present, Fadiman would not be able to ask questions and get responses from most of the Hmong people she interviewed. Fadiman confronts another interviewing barrier when she works with the medical staff of Merced County Medical Center, the hospital where Lia Lee was taken and treated many times. Fadiman constantly reviewed Lia’s medical records, as well as consulted and interviewed many of the physicians and nurses who worked with Lia and her family. Fadiman had to alter her interviewing style and the way in which she planned the interviews while interviewing the staff of Merced County Medical Center. These individuals did not require an interpreter because they were native English speakers. Because of this, Fadiman had an easier time communicating with the interviewees, but had to remember the culture they were used to. The resident doctors and nurses Fadiman was discussing Lia’s case with worked at the Family Practice Residency, which receives most of its payment through government programs like Medi-Cal or Medicare (Fadiman 1997:24). Because of this, most patients this staff was use d to seeing were low-income, and many of them were Hmong refugees, who had differing styles of treating the sick than Fadiman was used to in Western medicine. The background of the staff Fadiman interviewed colored their medical opinions, as they were personally invested in many of the cases

Providing Free Wi-Fi to New York City Free Essays

string(127) " After speaking with various technical professionals, we see that location is also a factor when it comes to wireless service\." Providing Free Wi-Fi to New York City Defining the Solution: New York City is a city with a large population of people, lots of skyscraping buildings, numerous businesses, and a lack of available free WI-FI service. Today we will be working on developing a way to provide free WI-FI to all of New York City. First we have to look at the reasons, resources needed, and problems which will be on the road to providing such service to New York City. We will write a custom essay sample on Providing Free Wi-Fi to New York City or any similar topic only for you Order Now To define the problem a little in depth, we need to find out the necessities needed. 1. There needs to be a study conducted to figure out how a system can be placed in a city that is so rich in life, but cluttered with buildings and minimal available space for equipment installation. 2. The city needs to campaign a project, letting the people know what they are trying to do to bring such service to them. 3. Bring in network companies to provide the service. 4. Chart a project cost budget: i. e. -material cost, man power, and location cost. 5. Survey areas where service will be needed most. 6. Survey and gather information from the population on what service provider they use and service plans are used most. This will ensure that there are no network conflicts when the free WI-FI project is completed. 7. Schedule meeting with companies and experts in these technical areas to gather information. This will be information that can be charted or graphed. 8. Analyze all information, graphs, and charts that they have, to see problem areas and solutions to other problem areas. I am expecting that there will be many roadblocks to the road success. There will be many obstacles that will have to be problem and we will overcome these problems. But to develop a way to make WI-FI available to all of New York City will be tough project. It will be a tough project, however with great organization it can be a successful project. I believe with reliable and professional teamwork, it will be available in the future. Generating a Solution: Defining the problem for developing a solution to provide free WI-FI for all of New York City has been addressed. We have categorized where the problems lay and discussed what is needed to show the problems that exist. Now that the problems are defined, solutions need to be generated to piece together he problems. In order to generate a solution, a team comprised of technology professionals, state officials, city officials, private and non-profit developer organizations, the voice of the people, and a list of detail equipment needed and the cost of the equipment will need to be brought together as one. First is to assemble a group of broadband and wireless experts, so we can gather possible answ ers to the defined problem. After getting a starting point, data needs to be portrayed on charts, reports, and diagrams. This information can then be brought to the attention of city and state officials. The voice of the people can be a key to what is being used and what is needed to suit their needs for wireless connection. So surveys need to be sent out, public hearing need to be set up, and gather information from wireless companies to see what is being used today by the people. When setting up a public hearing, a panel of expert will be needed to answer the question that the people may have. Also to seek answers the experts will have for the people so they can configure the amount of technology is needed to make the project possible. The roles of the city government and the private and non-profit developers can be a major factor on how and where to start the wireless project. We would need the approval from these groups to have a starting point. Also we would see what resources the city already have and what is needed to included in a report for financial purposes. The financial report is essential to show what is already available for use in the project and what resource is needed plus the cost for the needed equipment. Then a starting location(s) will be needed to begin the project. Possible locations (ie: city parks) for wireless hotspots can be a good starting expansion point. To generate a solution we need: 1. Broadband and Wireless Experts 2. Approval from the City Government 3. Private and Non-Profit Development Organizations 4. State Agency Resources 5. The voice of the people 6. Locations 7. Financial Resources 8. Financial Report of Resource and Equipment Cost The next step is to gather all the possible solution information and analyze the data. Deciding a Course of Action: In generating a solution, we have learned that there are a variety of resources that have to be looked at in order for a solution to be found. We found that a team of technical professionals (ie: wireless carrier companies, IT organizations, and city electrical development department) is needed for wireless development. The voice of the people; to see what wireless carriers are being used, to survey where they use it more, and where they would like to use the wireless service at. State and city officials are needed to help implement the project by vote of approval. Private and non-profit organizations are needed to fund this project. Last is to purchase the equipment for wireless capability. Deciding a course of action for the solution means that we need to take a look at what is at the top of the priority list. At the top of the priority list would be to speak with technical professionals, to see if it is possible to supply the wireless without any possible signal problems to disrupt the use of wireless service. Through this we can generate a list of resources that are needed. After speaking with various technical professionals, we see that location is also a factor when it comes to wireless service. You read "Providing Free Wi-Fi to New York City" in category "Essay examples" After conducting a grid survey, a decision is made to use local and state parks as areas for project development. Through this detailed reports and charts are made for state and city officials and private and non-profit development organizations to view the results. Next a survey is sent out to the people to see if the technical professionals and grid survey team studies are correct. As the surveys are collected and read, it is determined that the studies are correct and the parks will be accurate locations for project development. With the completion of the surveys from the people, the information is then added to the project report. In addition to the report, survey charts are created to show the mapped locations for possible WIFI development service. Plus, bar and line charts will show why these locations were chosen, as well as additional charts to show the results of the surveys sent out to the people. Third course of action is to petition to speak with the state and city officials and present the report that can provide the Free WIFI access to the city and its people. By doing this, we can seek approval to start the development and to seek the both private and non-profit development organizations. These development organizations will help finance the development project and make it a reality. After attending numerous meetings with state and city officials, technical professionals, development organizations, and getting the approvals that is needed to start development. The last course of action is to purchase the equipment that will provide the WIFI service. The WIFI project will only give access in state and local park areas, this type of WIFI access service will be considered Hotspots or Hotzones for the free WIFI access. Implementing the Solution: Deciding the course of action has shown what the top priorities are and has helped develop the steps to getting started. Next is to implement the solution to make it a reality. A proposal was submitted to address state officials and local city council about the proposed project development. In turn we received a response from these governing offices that we will be heard on the subject of providing the Wi-Fi service to the city. Before we attend the scheduled day, we must overlook the project report and charts, to see that all the information is correct and formal. By going back and double checking everything will help us be more confident when we sell the idea, plus we will be well prepared to answer any questions that may be addressed. After looking over all the charts and the project report, it was noted that a project schedule timeline and a budget chart was not created. So we decided to send out a research team to determine how much time will be needed to complete the project and at what cost. First a Gantt chart is created to show the activity process, along with the months and year that each activity will be taking place. We can also have a visual schedule to see what task is in development and at when the deadline should be. Next is to create a budget list (chart). The chart will show the cost for employment of personnel (salaries contracted personnel), equipment use (purchased or rented), Travel expenses (if any), technology supplies and equipment, and last is to show the projects overhead cost. A budget chart is vital when speaking to government officials and organizations funding the project. The project budget cost can be a factor if we get the funding and/or approval. Now that project report is completed and all the required information is within the report, we are now ready to present it to the government officials. As the day comes and all the important variables are presented to the council of officials, we wait till they discuss the development project. The development project finally receives the approval, which moves the project to the next part of the implement stage. Checking the Gantt chart, we see that we need to employ a development team. This team needs to consist of IT experts and professionals, project managers, and a team of hands on working professional. We also need to purchase all the necessary technological (laptops, desktops, software, and communication devices) and development equipment needed to start the project. Next we need to schedule several meeting with the major wireless carriers to introduce to project in development and to try to influence them to be the wireless provider company. In order to choose the right companies to contact, we will schedule a public meeting to speak with NYC residents. By doing this we can see who is the major providers that the public use. Through several public meetings, we find out that ATT and Verizon is the two providers that are used to most. So we call and schedule a meeting with the board of directors from both companies. Plus we have to schedule the proper flights to get to the corporate offices for these companies. After several physical and telephone conference meetings, both corporate providers agree to be involved in the development and would immediately put together a team to assist our development team in installing the necessary networks that we need. Through this, a change is made on the Gantt chart to include these companies and their team. Plus any cost will also include into the budget chart. With all the project resources that is needed for this project have been brought together, the deployment stage of the project needs to be started. Several meetings are set up to introduce all the executives, project management, government officials, and funding organizations. Construction crews and technical personnel need to be hired. Equipment needs to be ordered and purchased before the start of the project. Checking the development location charts, it has been determined that wireless systems need to be placed on high level areas. So checking city maps and blueprints, we choose city skyscrapers that have the high altitude we need. Checking with the buildings management and owners, we started to implement the wireless system construction. As the project goes through the various stages of the development; we consistently monitor the Gantt chart to make sure that the project is on schedule, continue to check for any potential paradigm shifts that can cause a delay, make sure that there is coordination of all tasks and personnel, and evaluate each completed task along the way. Experimental test are conducted throughout the development stages, to make sure that all equipment if properly functioning and compatible with our needs. To avoid any possible setbacks, contingency plans are implemented and alternate plans are made. Any changes to the project must always be reported and charted to keep all departments updated and informed. As we can see, this development project has many variables while implementing any solutions. We have to keep on track during the process and evaluate all solutions as they presented. Evaluate the Solution With the implementation of the project development, we need to consistently evaluate the solution. By doing this we will see: if the solution is logical and solves the real problem, if the solution is (economically, environmentally, politically, and ethnically) responsible and safe, does it meet all the criteria and constraints, is it blunder-free, have we argued the positive and negative sides of the project, and check the procedure and logic of the arguments. We also have to create an ethics checklist to see if it is legal (will it violate civil law or company policy? ), will it be a win/win situation, will it be fair to all concerned in both the short term and long term, and will I be proud during the development stages and/or conclusion. We also have to remind ourselves about â€Å"purpose†. What is the purpose of why we started this project and what is the purpose of seeing this thru till the end? I see this as a motivation tool to make sure that we maintain the excitement of the project. While we are evaluating the solution, we need to implement a contingency plan for each stage of the development process. This will ensure that there is a back-up plan if we experience a paradigm shift or the project is at a development down fall. After conducting a thorough evaluation of the solution and development process, we come to the conclusion of the project. By taking the steps to seeing the project through from defining the solution to evaluating the How to cite Providing Free Wi-Fi to New York City, Essay examples

Personal Epiphany free essay sample

At one point in my life the only thing that interested me were my friends. I was too busy trying to impress my friends that I screwed around in school not being academically there. I was usually getting into fights and pushing peoples buttons; I would do anything that I knew could make people mad and extremely frustrated. I was the neighborhood punk. I was normally trying to find a way to pull a prank on someone to be accepted as a cool person; being accepted by all my peers were usually my intentions at school. Being cool to me was the only thing that mattered. I wanted everyone to see me as the rebel child. Usually people look up to the disobedient children thinking them to be independent and rebellious that’s what was classified as cool to me. That’s how I wanted other people to look at me because I felt like if it would have made people look up to me or even just remember me as being the cool person. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Epiphany or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While growing up in Norwalk, California an area that to some people would think to be somewhat of a ghetto, this was not really the best route for a young teen to be going down. Freshman year I pulled a 1. 4 G. P. A. My parents had very little trust in me, they would even remind me how much they didn’t really trust me every so often, because of all the trouble I would normally be getting into. My parents absolutely hated the fact that I was the oldest out of four boys because of the bad influence I was on them, it even started to show when my younger brother had started getting into trouble every so often. Being a freshman in high school, college was never on my mind; I Gomez 2 ad told everyone that I would never go to college. Just the thought of a minimum of four years after thirteen years of school was not appealing to me; not one bit. Slowly all these actions were catching up to me. I had to think hard about what I could do to repair the damage that at the time I thought was unfixable because of all the frustration and anger I had caused my parents for the actions that I had done. In eighth grade I had a very young teacher; it was probably her fir st year ever teaching, and a horrible year at that. She is probably the meanest teacher in the world now because of all the frustration that I had put that poor woman through; Ms. Bullock was her name. Ms. Bullock in my eyes always had little to no control over the class. She was very skinny, about 5 feet 9 inches with very blonde hair; she was the most innocent looking woman in the world. Ms. Bullock was about twenty-four years old and was always really good at the teaching part of her job but once I, the classroom clown, got started fooling around the whole class would laugh and get out of control. Whenever Ms. Bullock would yell she would yell at the top of her lungs, her neck would tense up and her veins would become very distinct, appearing as if they were going to explode when she would yell. I thought she was scared of the students or something in that range because she would always threaten to expel me or send me up to the office on a referral, or something along those lines but always failed to do so. I think that by her doing that kind of reassured me that I would never get into trouble; I could always try and be that cool child that I thought everyone would look up to me for without any punishments. Nonetheless one day in her class I planned out a scheme to make all my friends laugh, all I had wanted at the time was have people look up to me and actually want to be my closer friends. I loved the idea of being the cool child that was always getting into trouble and being rebellious. I had made just about twenty paper airplanes at home one night and my parents had Gomez 3 bought me these really sensational pair of shoes that were called Heeley’s; they were these shoes that had one removable wheel on each heel of the shoe so you could glide around effortlessly with everyone’s attention. That day I had gotten into her class and I had planned just as she started her lesson I would put some paper in the fan so it could make a rather displeasing sound, I did, consequently but also to me very expectedly she had walked over to see what the trouble was. She must have forgotten that I had done that literally once a week if not more but each time she would yell at me and go see the problem. As she went over to the fan in the front corner of the room I had gotten up with the wheels in my shoes and the airplanes in my hand ready to go. I tossed each and every airplane individually, one-by-one, and skated around the classroom, everyone in the classroom had busted out with laughter and even a couple of kids in my class had started following along. It was hilarious, Ms. Bullock started chasing me around the classroom yelling â€Å"This is the last straw, I’ve had it with you kid! † Finally I just made my way to the door because I knew the â€Å"Wait for me outside† would be coming and I was thinking it she had said it, loud. Everyone continued to laugh, that made me feel great. This was the first time Ms. Bullock had ever gone according to her word. She had sent me to the office after a thirty-minute lecture about how bad of a kid I was and how I needed to get my act together but it didn’t bother me one bit. When I go t to the office that day the vice principal said my name and then said â€Å"Luis what happened this time? † I replied â€Å"doesn’t the referral tell you what I did? † she gave me a rotten look and said â€Å"This time I hope you know your getting suspended†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and so on. Teachers would typically go on about how I needed to change my ways. So I was suspended for another three days on the top of the countless days I had gotten into trouble before this certain occasion; for example fighting, getting people as frustrated as I could, talking back to teachers and using profane language to much. This just lead to my parents losing that much more trust in me, and Gomez 4 every time I would get into trouble they would ask â€Å"When the hell are going to grow up Luis†. Finally people had started to see me as the rebellious child that everyone at one point in their lives had wanted to be also being known as the cool child in a group of friends. I took the remainder of the year with Ms. Bullock as a huge joke. I always did just the right amount of work to get by. The next year is when I started my freshman year at John Glenn High School in the city of Norwalk. This year was horrible I passed my first semester with a couple F’s and a few D’s while hanging around with all these cool people that I wanted to be exactly like. I got into some bad habit with my friends and I was going nowhere with that particular crowd. Nonetheless I was signed up for Wrestling; I was the starting Junior Varsity 119 pound weight class as a freshman, this didn’t help much because my friends on the team would go light a bowl right after or even sometimes before practice. Although with my 1. 4 G. P. A. I was not even supposed to be on the team, but of course I had forged a letter that I had to get the principal to sign and say it was okay for me to Wrestle on the team that low of a grade point average. Until this day I have no idea how I got away with that, but I did. I continued to wrestle that year, finishing the season off. One day my parents had gotten this progress report in the mail and they were just fed up with this route I was taking; by this time I had straight D-‘s straight down the line for every single one of my academic classes. My parents then had started threatening me â€Å"Something has to change Luis †¦ something is going to change in your life, Luis. † Growing up in the city of Norwalk there was never really talk about college from the schools and all my friends’ parents either lived in run down apartments or in theses tiny little houses. There were even a bunch of my friends’ parents that were not even here legally or did Gomez 5 not even finish high school if they were. Each time I would ask what their parents did for a living they would reply that their parents worked at grocery stores or at some low-income job. Not that it was a bad thing but there was never really talk of college while I was growing up. No one ever cared about that stuff. Even while I was in high school I never heard anyone talk about anything near a successful future. In accordance to all the other kids I hung out with I myself just hoped to get out of high school with a diploma. I hoped this because I wanted to be like everyone else around me I never wanted to over achieve. My parents had never raised me to be like that because they themselves came from really bad childhoods moving out when they were seventeen. I thought this for other reasons I wanted to be a punk child, the funny guy that everyone always liked in high school, I wanted to follow the tracks that the cool teens from previous years had made. One day, getting home from school my parents said â€Å"You better say bye to all your friends because we bid on a house and the bid got accepted. † I was astonished because there was never even talk about moving out of my home. This came out of literally nowhere to me, I even thought they were lying to me at first so I just went to my room. The next day my mother had reassured me that we were leaving so I was of course extremely upset and did not even know what to say about it all. I had lived in that same house in Norwalk since I was three years old and moved out at the age of fifteen years old; hat was the only house that I had ever known. I was soo angry. In spite of them surprising me with that information I was getting into more and more trouble. Countless more referrals to the office and a few more fights, my parents had basically lost hope in me, from what I would hear from them. I had sensed that this move was the last shot that they were going to put forth with me; t his was close to the final attempt they would make Gomez 6 but in my head I didn’t care; I cared about those friends that I had grown up with and looked up to all those years. Finally we had moved; we moved right after the last day of school my freshman year. We moved to this city, that I had never heard of, named Yorba Linda and my parents informed me that I was going to a high school named Esperanza. My first year at Esperanza I signed up for the Wrestling team and had got somewhat descent grades due to the fact that I did not have any cool friends to impress or try to live up to or be like. I kept to myself normally and just talked decently to some of the nicer people in my classes. I did not go out at all my sophomore year unless it was for a tournament for wrestling or something like that. I started to realize that everyone I had spoken to had a drive, some sort of drive to achieve a certain goal or to get to a certain school that they wanted to do or go to. I myself started to think about what I could do with my life but in spite of my parents moving me away from home I would say, â€Å"I’m not changing my mind! I still do not want to go to college no matter what you say or where you move me. † Which made my parents yell and ground me even more but at the time all I wanted was revenge. Continuing to go to Esperanza I kept on thinking about the way I had always tied to impress everyone else, doing things to make them laugh and wanting them to want to be my friends. For them to somewhat approve of me; I was normally trying to impress them in any tangible way that I could. I always would try and follow the lead of someone else; someone cooler then me, someone that got all the girls, someone who had all the friends, someone well-known and well liked and someone everyone wanted to be and looked up to. I now realize how much of a fool I was. My junior year at Esperanza I had opened up more, caring less of what people thought about me, or trying to impress them but just trying to have them like me for me. On top of that I Gomez 7 was performing decently in school and actually setting goals for my future. I told myself I wanted to be a Police Officer and went against my word and planned on signing up for some College classes. Being a rebel and trying to impress everyone else is not what really matters it’s yourself that you should be trying to impress. Pursuing a career in being a Police Officer would require impressing myself and it would also require some leadership qualities. I was always one step behind, trying to keep up with the person in front or make those people in front notice me. Finally my role was reversed; senior year of high school I was captain of the wrestling team. I believe that the countless long talks with my parents, teachers, family, coaches, peers and friends pushed me to achieve what I did. I now have great friends that like me for me and not for being the trouble making cool person. I now like to think to only impress myself as much as I can.

Le Morte Darthur essays

Le Morte Darthur essays "Le Morte Darthur" is a classic epic prose work from the 15th century, chronicling the life and legend of King Arthur, his round table, and his brave knights. Originally written in French, Sir Thomas Malory translated and edited it and his version is the most renowned. Arthur and his knights are the main focus of the book, but the romance between Guenivere and Lancelot cannot be ignored, and these passionate characters reach their peak in the last two books of the story. These last two books focus on Arthur, Guenivere, Lancelot, and Gawain and their personal issues. This creates a far different environment from the first Tales of the book, which were far less concerned with the personal lives of the characters, and far more concerned with the larger themes of the work, including honor, obedience, and revenge. Relationships come to a head here, and both Arthur and Lancelot must question their relationship with each other and their relationship with Queen Guenivere. Knight is pitted against knight as jealousy and passion override common sense and obedience, and Guenivere finds herself forever in the middle of the two men that love her most, as Lancelot attempts to warn her. He says, "And madam, wit you well I dread them more for your sake than for any fear I have of them myself, for I may happen to escape and rid myself in a great need, where, madam, ye must abide all that will be said unto you" (Malory 404). Finally, Arthur finds that his love for his knights and his kingdom is stronger than his love for Guenivere, but he cannot give her up to Lancelot, he would sentence her to death, first. Thus, in these final two books, the importance of the relationships is resolved, the men understand their true natures, and their Romance is the key to these last two books, but another important key is the fate of the characters, who all must pay for their transgressions in ...

Five Tips for Getting a Tax Refund Quickly

Five Tips for Getting a Tax Refund Quickly Here are answers to some of the questions people ask most often about how to get tax refunds from the IRS quickly, accurately, and easily . Tax Return Tips File electronicallyCheck your return carefully for errors and sign it before submitting it to the IRSHave your refund directly deposited into your bank accountCheck the status of your return with the IRS’ â€Å"Where’s My Refund?† online tool When Will You Get Your Refund? How quickly you receive your tax refund depends on how you filed your return, and whether you completed it accurately. If you filed a paper tax return, in most cases it could tax the IRS up to 21 days from the date it receives your paperwork to issue your tax return. If you want your tax refund more quickly, file your return electronically. The IRS typically issues tax refunds to electronic filers within three weeks. The sooner you file your return, the sooner you’ll get your refund. Filing early also reduces the risk of having your refund stolen. Tax refund theft is a growing problem that occurs when someone steals your personal information and uses it to file a fake return under your name and Social Security number and pocket the refund. If you are one of the millions of Americans who had or may have had their information stolen in any of the recent data breaches, be sure to file as soon as possible. While the IRS will work to straighten out refund theft, it can delay your refund by months. How Can You Check the Status of Your Tax Refund? The fastest and easiest way to track your tax refund is to use the IRS Wheres My Refund? tool on the IRS.gov home page. To check the status of your tax refund online you will need your Social Security number, filing status, and the exact whole dollar amount of your refund shown on your return. You can also check the status of your tax refund by calling the IRS Refund Hotline at (800) 829-1954. You will need to provide your Social Security number, your filing status, and the exact whole dollar amount of the refund shown on your return. What Options Do You Have to Receive Your Tax Return? The quickest way to get your tax refund into your bank account is to have it direct-deposited. But the IRS will also issue a paper check or, if you choose, U.S. Savings Bonds. You can use your refund to buy up to $5,000 in U.S. Series I savings bonds in multiples of $50. What If You Dont Get a Tax Refund or the Amount Is Wrong? If you get a tax refund that you either werent expecting or is larger that you expected, do not immediately cash the check. The IRS recommends taxpayers wait for a notice explaining the difference, and then follow the instructions on that notice. If your tax refund isnt a big as you thought it should have been, go ahead and cash the check. The IRS may determine later that you are owed more and send a separate check. If you want to contest the amount of your tax refund, wait two weeks after receiving the refund, then call (800) 829-1040. If you didnt get a tax refund or lost or accidentally destroyed it, you can file an online claim at Wheres My Refund for a replacement check if its been more than 28 days from the date that your refund was mailed. What Else Can You Do to Make Sure You Get Your Tax Refund Quickly? Make sure to check your return before sending it. Errors can stall the delivery or your tax refund. The most common tax return errors, according to the IRS, are writing incorrect Social Security numbers or forgetting to enter them altogether; miscalculating the tax owed based on taxable income and marital status; entering data on the wrong lines of the form; and basic math mistakes.

Investigating Sustainable Tourism Research Paper

Investigating Sustainable Tourism - Research Paper Example Suriname is located in the northeast of South America, with influences from a variety of cultures, from African and Amerindian to Asian, Dutch, and Jewish (Turquoise.net 2010). Suriname is not dominated by many beach areas that can compare to surrounding areas of the Caribbean, but it is lined with rivers that create a great web of travel into the beauty of the interior jungles. This makes the area a great spot for eco-tourists to see the natural wonders of the rainforests and jungle areas that house an enormous array of wildlife. Since there is little in the way of tourism infrastructure, the resources of the country can be exploited to attract the growing number of eco-tourists that are wanting to explore the natural world on their vacations and holidays. The concept of eco-tourism is based on the idea that the adventure that is available from the beauty of nature is captured in a single experience or group of experiences designed for a period of time within a vacation. According to Ziffer (1989), ecotourism is an adventure that is designed around an indigenous culture, takes place in a relatively underdeveloped area, attempts to leave the area having left no mark upon the eco-system that has been visited while contributing to the local economy, an opportunity to gain an appreciation for the natural resources of the visited area, and represents a dedication by the host region to preserve the natural beauty they hold through funding provided by the ecotourism market (p. 6). One of the prime purposes of the availability of the adventure is to help preserve the natural environments that the tour has exploited so that urban development will not spoil the land. There are some problems with developing a sustainable tourist trade through the ecotourism travel tours.

Applications paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applications paper - Movie Review Example As Guy planned revenge, a twist in the ending showed Buddy confessing having had same bullied treatment before he became the manager, and this is his way of motivating Guy to succeed. Plot 2. Smoking Room is a movie about discrimination and culture.(The world of business in movies, 2009). It is about a middle level executive (Ramirez), who got enraged when his U.S. based office ban smoking in the office premises. If anyone wants to smoke, he has to go out of at least 20 ft. from the office premises, sometimes exposed to freezing cold or burning heat of temperatures. Ramirez who claims to have a Spanish descent, believes this rule is discriminating and disregards the acceptability of the Spanish smoking culture. He was alone in his campaign after his colleagues left him in his fight due to office politics, agenda and convenience.(The World of Business in Movies, 2009). Let us first identify the fundamental concepts of organizational behavior. These are individual differences, perception, whole person, motivation, desire for involvement, and human dignity. These concepts are transformed in the four models of organization that are described in the movie. Study looks at the concept of human dignity in â€Å"Swimming with Sharks† and Individual differences thru diversity in â€Å"Smoking Room†. â€Å"Swimming with Sharks† is a movie that reflects an organizational concept of boss-employee relationship that is defined in an autocratic manner. It is a movie shown in 1994 but continues to share its relevance in organizational behavior studies today. Although the movie is done in a comical way, the characters played perfectly the roles in a conflict situation in an organization; one that tries autocratic authority to compel obedience, and an employee-employer relationship based on fear. The movie gives credit to the saying â€Å"the end justifies the means†, wherein the finale of the movie shows the assistant elevated to a higher

Samuel :: Short Stories War Violence Essays

Samuel He looked into her eyes and proceeded to tell her how beautiful she was to him. He had to her many times before, and every time she would smile and look away. Sometimes he wasn’t really sure how things came to be. No-matter how bad things had become, he always found strength in her. Now there was a baby on the way, his whole life was turning around. The child was born in a place where war and hardship had become a commonality. He was given the name Samuel by his mother. Before Samuel was even born, his father was killed while fighting on the outskirts of town, and in his mother’s heart there was left a hole that was kept from consuming her only by the hope and anticipation of her son that would soon be born. Still, she could not imagine bringing a boy up in such a war ravaged place, and without a father. However, she loved her son enough to keep them both alive, and for twelve years they held strong against the harsh cold, bullets, and starvation. Like Samuel’s father, death and war would soon claim Samuel‘s mother. The inevitable occurred when Samuel’s mother was hit by gunfire in the market place. Now he was alone. His mother, the only person who loved him, had gone. He ran to her that day and held her head and prayed for her life. She was gone before she even touched the ground. Still the boy held her. He felt sick and cold on the icy asphalt but he could not move. However, he did not cry. Maybe he could not cry. He was strong, and naturally he would stay strong through the tough times, but this was different. He felt something he had never felt before. He quickly learned the ways of war and learned to fight. He could no longer find forgiveness or wholeness in his heart. For the next part of his life he was driven only by his vengeance and passion for his dead mother. Nothing anyone could say or do could mend his broken heart. He was too consumed by the void in his life that the kind words of friends and cousins had become little more than echoes in an endless gray space.

Adam Smith the Father of Modern Economics Essay

The article, Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand by Helen Joyce, proved to be interesting reading. Although it was written about three years ago and the man himself lived more than 300 years ago, the man and his theories live on through the 21st century. Before I read the article, I had never heard of Adam Smith, but it appears his ideas have penetrated time. I started doing more research into the man and his theories. In order to understand his theories and how he thought about processes, one must understand his beginnings. Adam Smith was born in Scotland. He attended Glasgow University then Oxford University. It was his experience in this stay at Oxford that was the basis for the vital observations about universities found in The Wealth of Nations. He was selected as the Professor of Logic at Glasgow and later, Professor of Moral Philosophy. He lectured on spirituality, moral principles and political economy. His first book The Theory of Moral Sentiments established his status. He sought to understand what it was that led us to care about the welfare of others. With that book complete, he gave less attention to his theories of morals and more to political economy. Later, he made the decision to give up his university post by becoming a tutor to the Duke of Buccleuch. They traveled mainly in France, where Smith came to know many of the intellectual leaders of the country. He began a dissertation on economics. It was published as The Wealth of Nations, and on this work rests the ongoing acknowledgement of him as the father of economics. He had very provocative ideas in the book. It was a work that altered the world of economics. Many say it reformed the world itself. He asserts that wealth is steadily created by rising labor output through two key factors (1) the division of labor, encouraged by trade the â€Å"natural propensity to truck, barter and exchange† and also (2) the growth of capital, made possible by the natural inclination of people toward thriftiness. For example, Smith alleged that a system of natural liberty allowed the self-interest of the person to be attached for the good of society, through what he called the â€Å"division of labor and the accumulation of capital. He argued that the free market is an clever device which regulates itself through supply and demand. His purpose was pretty clear: not to advance the interests of any class, but to push the wealth of the entire country. Whatever a nation consumes must be either produced from its labor or purchased in trade. There is no other basis for spending or a standard of living. He assumed that, in fiscal life, the main inspiring force central to man’s actions was self-interest. He argued that, with the right institutional frame, men following their own self -interest would serve the general good. This framework did not call for wide government law. The best plan is to leave the fiscal method alone. This has come to be known as free enterprise. Largely through his book, these principles helped to guide the then rapidly increasing economic activity. And wealth, as he saw it, consisted of goods which all people could consume. This was a democratic; and for that time, radical principle that he adhered to with notable stability. He produced a document that he expected to be used in the conduct of governments. The book presents a persuasive argument for a new approach to economic policy. Smith offered future economists with the makeup of the discipline of economics. His vision of a competitive market balance following a path of growth to wealth and abundance defined the problems that economists have wrestled with ever since†¦ His purely scientific contribution has been vast, and in its basic structure his framework still remains the heart of modern economics. On one level, it is an attack on the opinions of his people written for its own time and directed against the existing policies of government. On another level, it is an optimistic thesis that deals with basic troubles of order in human society†¦ It is an enthralling mix of ideas. In the most radical age of Western culture, when the uproar of social and intellectual upheaval puzzled lesser men, Adam Smith gave the world order. He did not invent the market or economics. He taught the world about them. For nearly 75 years, his writings supplied most of what economists knew. If there are more people per the amount of GDP, the standard of living is lower. If there are fewer people, it is higher. The GDP per capita the measure of the wealth of the nation is the product of the amount of labor productivity of that nation. The available land or other natural resources is not a decisive factor. He provided the root details of what causes labor productivity to be high or low in a nation. The theme of the book is explaining how labor productivity is resolute by the extent of the division of labor the dividing of work into a much greater number of parts. When the market is very small, when the population density is sparse, it is impossible to achieve much in the way of a division of labor. The more people that could crowd into a place, the greater the amount of specialization among occupations and the greater the marginal productivity, rather than the lesser. There is still controversy about Adam Smith and his account on â€Å"the invisible hand. † Simply put the invisible hand is a notion based on the law of chance. Every person intends only his or her own gain, but though a set of policies that he referred to as the â€Å"system of natural liberty† the good of the nation would be the accidental result. His â€Å"invisible hand† is the new method of social life. He described â€Å"the invisible hand† in this way: Individuals naturally intend only their own gain, but unintentionally promote the general interest. He also suggests that ethics is based on â€Å"sentiment,† feelings of empathy between us and other people. He wrote consider how others would fairly judge their behavior before acting on matters that would involve conscience or moral judgment. The best course toward â€Å"wealth† and away from poverty and want is for a nation’s political rulers to allow for the unplanned result of self-interest, of private property rights, and of self-regulating rivalry under rules of free trade. As the economy globalizes, corporations flourish, and as societies agonize over which issues to settle according to the principles of right and wrong and which to settle according to economic principles. We see the tension between choosing to adhere to the ancient values of tradition, honor and command, or to the modern values of the business firm and the marketplace. The future global economy will tell if the invisible hand is a principle to rely on now and in the future. Though he passed away in 1790 his ideas have surely helped shape the way economists around the globe think, globally.

Book Recommendations for Graduate School in Economics

Q:Â  If I want to achieve a Ph.D. in economics what steps would you advise me to take and what books and courses would I need to study to gain the knowledge that is absolutely needed to be able to do and understand the research that is needed for a Ph.D. A:Â  Thank you for your question. Its a question that Im frequently asked, so its about time that I created a page that I could point people toward. Its really difficult to give you a general answer, because a lot of it depends on where youd like to get your Ph.D. from. Ph.D programs in economics vary widely in both quality and scope of what is taught. The approach taken by European schools tends to be different than that of Canadian and American schools. The advice in this article will mainly apply to those who are interested in entering a Ph.D. program in the United States or Canada, but much of the advice should also apply to European programs as well. There are four key subject areas that youll need to be very familiar with to succeed in a Ph.D. program in economics. 1. Microeconomics / Economic Theory Even if you plan to study a subject which is closer to Macroeconomics or Econometrics, it is important to have a good grounding in Microeconomic Theory. A lot of work in subjects such as Political Economy and Public Finance are rooted in micro foundations so youll help yourself immensely in these courses if youre already familiar with high level microeconomics. Most schools also require you to take at least two courses in microeconomics, and often these courses are the most difficult youll encounter as a graduate student. Microeconomics Material You Must Know as a Bare Minimum I would recommend reviewing the book Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach by Hal R. Varian. The newest edition is the sixth one, bu if you can find an older used edition costing less you may want to do that. Advanced Microeconomics Material that Would be Helpful to Know Hal Varian has a more advanced book called simply Microeconomic Analysis. Most economics students are familiar with both books and refer to this book as simply Varian and the Intermediate book as Baby Varian. A lot of the material in here is stuff you wouldnt be expected to know entering a program as its often taught for the first time in Masters and Ph.D. programs. The more you can learn before you enter the Ph.D. program, the better you will do. What Microeconomics Book Youll Use When You Get There From what I can tell, Microeconomic Theory by Mas-Colell, Whinston, and Green is standard in many Ph.D. programs. Its what I used when I took Ph.D. courses in Microeconomics at both Queens University at Kingston and the University of Rochester. Its an absolutely massive book, with hundreds and hundreds of practice questions. The book is quite difficult in parts so youll want to have a good background in microeconomic theory before you tackle this one. 2. Macroeconomics Giving advice on Macroeconomics books is a lot more difficult because Macroeconomics is taught so differently from school to school. Your best bet is to see what books are used in the school that you would like to attend. The books will be completely different depending on whether your school teaches more Keynesian style Macroeconomics or Freshwater Macro which is taught at places like The Five Good Guys which includes the University of Chicago, the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, University of Rochester, and University of Pennsylvania. The advice Im going to give is for students who are going to a school that teaches more of a Chicago style approach. Macroeconomics Material You Must Know as a Bare Minimum I would recommend reviewing the book Advanced Macroeconomics by David Romer. Although it does have the word Advanced in the title, its more suited for high level undergraduate study. It does have some Keynesian material as well. If you understand the material in this book, you should do well as a graduate student in Macroeconomics. Advanced Macroeconomics Material that would be Helpful to Know Instead of learning more Macroeconomics, it would be more helpful to learn more on dynamic optimization. See my section on Math Economics books for more detail. What Macroeconomics Book Youll Use When You Get There When I took Ph.D courses in Macroeconomics a few years ago we didnt really use any textbooks, instead we discussed journal articles. This is the case in most courses at the Ph.D. level. I was fortunate enough to have macroeconomics courses taught by Per Krusell and Jeremy Greenwood and you could spend an entire course or two just studying their work. One book that is used quite often is Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics by Nancy L. Stokey and Robert E. Lucas Jr. Although the book is almost 15 years old, its still quite useful for understanding the methodology behind many macroeconomics articles. Ive also found Numerical Methods in Economics by Kenneth L. Judd to be quite helpful when youre trying to obtain estimates from a model which does not have a closed-form solution. 3. Econometrics Material You Must Know as a Bare Minimum Theres quite a few good undergraduate texts on Econometrics out there. When I taught tutorials in undergraduate Econometrics last year, we used Essentials of Econometrics by Damodar N. Gujarati. Its as useful as any other undergraduate text Ive seen on Econometrics. You can usually pick up a good Econometrics text for very little money at a large second-hand book shop. A lot of undergraduate students cant seem to wait to discard their old econometrics materials. Advanced Econometrics Material that would be Helpful to Know Ive found two books rather useful: Econometrics Analysis by William H. Greene and A Course in Econometrics by Arthur S. Goldberger. As in the Microeconomics section, these books cover a lot of material which is introduced for the first time at the graduate level. The more you know going in, though, the better chance youll have of succeeding. What Econometrics Book Youll Use When You Get There Chances are youll encounter the king of all Econometrics books Estimation and Inference in Econometrics by Russell Davidson and James G. MacKinnon. This is a terrific text, because it explains why things work like they do, and does not treat the matter as a black box like many econometrics books do. The book is quite advanced, though the material can be picked up fairly quickly if you have a basic knowledge of geometry. 4. Mathematics Having a good understanding of mathematics is crucial to success in economics. Most undergraduate students, particularly those coming from North America, are often shocked by how mathematical graduate programs in economics are. The math goes beyond basic algebra and calculus, as it tends to be more proofs, such as Let (x_n) be a Cauchy sequence. Show that if (X_n) has a convergent subsequence then the sequence is itself convergent. Ive found that the most successful students in the first year of a Ph.D. program tend to be ones with mathematics backgrounds, not economics ones. That being said, theres no reason why someone with an economics background can not succeed. Mathematical Economics Material You Must Know as a Bare Minimum Youll certainly want to read a good undergraduate Mathematics for Economists type book. The best one that Ive seen happens to be called Mathematics for Economists written by Carl P. Simon and Lawrence Blume. It has a quite diverse set of topics, all of which are useful tools for economic analysis. If youre rusty on basic calculus, make sure you pick up a 1st year undergraduate calculus book. There are hundreds and hundreds of different ones available, so Id suggest looking for one in a second hand shop. You may also want to review a good higher level calculus book such as Multivariable Calculus by James Stewart. You should have at least a basic knowledge of differential equations, but you do not have to be an expert in them by any means. Reviewing the first few chapters of a book such as Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems by William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima would be quite useful. You do not need to have any knowledge of partial differential equations before entering graduate school, as they are generally only used in very specialized models. If youre uncomfortable with proofs, you may want to pick up The Art and Craft of Problem Solving by Paul Zeitz. The material in the book has almost nothing to do with economics, but it will help you greatly when working on proofs. As an added bonus a lot of the problems in the book are surprisingly fun. The more knowledge you have of pure mathematics subjects such as Real Analysis and Topology, the better. I would recommend working on as much of Introduction to Analysis by Maxwell Rosenlicht as you possibly can. The book costs less than $10 US but it is worth its weight in gold. There are other analysis books that are slightly better, but you cannot beat the price. You may also want to look at the Schaums Outlines - Topology and Schaums Outlines - Real Analysis. Theyre also quite inexpensive and have hundreds of useful problems. Complex analysis, while quite an interesting subject, will be of little use to a graduate student in economics, so you need not worry about it. Advanced Mathematical Economics that would be Helpful to Know The more real analysis you know, the better you will do. You may want to see one of the more canonical texts such as The Elements of Real Analysis by Robert G. Bartle. You may also want to look at the book I recommend in the next paragraph. What Advanced Mathematical Economics Book Youll Use When You Get There At the University of Rochester we used a book called A First Course in Optimization Theory by Rangarajan K. Sundaram, though I dont know how widely this is used. If you have a good understanding of real analysis, you will have no trouble with this book, and youll do quite well in the obligatory Mathematical Economics course they have in most Ph.D. programs. You do not need to study up on more esoteric topics such as Game Theory or International Trade before you enter a Ph.D. program, although it never hurts to do so. You are not usually required to have a background in those subject areas when you take a Ph.D. course in them. I will recommend a couple of books I greatly enjoy, as they may convince you to study these subjects. If youre at all interested in Public Choice Theory or Virginia style Political Economy, first you should read my article The Logic of Collective Action. After doing so, you may want to read the book Public Choice II by Dennis C. Mueller. It is very academic in nature, but it is probably the book that has influenced me most as an economist. If the movie A Beautiful Mind didnt make you frightened of the work of John Nash you may be interested in A Course in Game Theory by Martin Osborne and Ariel Rubinstein. It is an absolutely fabulous resource and, unlike most books in economics, its well written. If I havent scared you off completely from studying economics, theres one last thing youll want to look into. Most schools require you to take one or two tests as part of your application requirements. Heres a few resources on those tests: Get familiar with the GRE General and GRE Economics Tests The Graduate Record Examination or GRE General test is one of the application requirements at most North American schools. The GRE General test covers three areas: Verbal, Analytical, and Math. Ive created a page called Test aids for the GRE and GRE Economics that has quite a few useful links on the GRE General Test. The Graduate School Guide also has some useful links on the GRE. I would suggest buying one of the books on taking the GRE. I cant really recommend any one of them as they all seem equally good. It is absolutely vital that you score at least 750 (out of 800) on the math section of the GRE in order to get into a quality Ph.D. program. The analytical section is important as well, but the verbal not as much. A great GRE score will also help you get into schools if you have only a modest academic record. There are a lot fewer online resources for the GRE Economics test. There are a couple of books that have practice questions that you may want to look at. I thought the book The Best Test Preparation for the GRE Economics was quite useful, but its gotten absolutely horrid reviews. You may want to see if you can borrow it before committing to buying it. There is also a book called Practicing to Take the GRE Economics Test but Ive never used it so Im not sure how good it is. It is important to study for the test, as it may cover some material that you did not study as an undergraduate. The test is very heavily Keynesian, so if you did your undergraduate work at a school heavily influenced by the University of Chicago such as the University of Western Ontario, there will be quite a bit of new macroeconomics youll need to learn. Conclusion Economics can be a great field in which to do your Ph.D., but you need to be properly prepared before you enter into a graduate program. I havent even discussed all the great books available in subjects such as Public Finance and Industrial Organization.